Coughing Up Blood? Understanding Hemoptysis and How to Manage It
Hemoptysis, the expectoration (coughing up) of blood or blood-streaked sputum from the lower respiratory tract, is a symptom that can range from benign to life-threatening. Though often alarming for patients, hemoptysis is a clinical manifestation rather than a disease itself and may signal a wide array of underlying pathologies—from common infections to severe malignancies or vascular disorders. This article delves into the mechanisms, causes, classifications, diagnostic pathways, and treatment modalities of hemoptysis, providing a detailed overview aimed at clinicians, medical students, and healthcare professionals. Definition and Overview Hemoptysis is derived from the Greek words haima (blood) and ptysis (to spit). It is defined as the expectoration of blood originating from the tracheobronchial tree or pulmonary parenchyma, excluding sources such as the nasopharynx, gastrointestinal tract, or oral cavity. Classifications of Hemoptysis Hemoptysis can be classified based on: • Volum...