My Pharmacy Revised – The Wellness Way to Natural Health

  *Introduction - Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) encompass a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels that are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This comprehensive document explores the epidemiology, anatomy and physiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentations, diagnostic methods, management strategies, preventive measures, and future directions in the field of cardiovascular health. The content aims to provide an in-depth understanding, at a level suitable for medical professionals and health science students. Epidemiology Global Burden : According to the World Health Organization (WHO), CVDs account for an estimated 17.9 million deaths annually, representing 32% of all global deaths. Of these, 85% are due to heart attack and stroke. Low- and middle-income countries bear over three quarters of these deaths. Regional Variation : Incidence and prevalence vary by region, influenced by socioeconomic factor...

- Atherosclerosis involves plaque build-up in arteries, likely narrowing blood flow and increasing heart disease risk.  - Its causes include high cholesterol, smoking, and high blood pressure, though exact reasons are complex.   - Symptoms may not appear early but can include chest pain or leg pain as it progresses; it seems likely severe cases lead to strokes.   - Treatment and prevention likely involve lifestyle changes like diet and exercise, with medications for severe cases, though approaches vary.     *What is Atherosclerosis? Atherosclerosis is a condition where plaque—made of fats, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances—builds up in the walls of arteries. This can narrow and harden the arteries, restricting blood flow to vital organs and tissues. It is a type of arteriosclerosis, meaning hardening of the arteries, and can lead to serious health issues like heart disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease.   *Causes - The ex...